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Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of chemistry, crystal structure, and physical including optical properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts. Specific studies within mineralogy include the processes of mineral origin and formation, classification of minerals, their geographical distribution, as well as their utilization. Nicholas Steno first observed the law of constancy of interfacial angles also known as the first law of crystallography in quartz crystals in Dana published his first edition of A System of Mineralogy inand in a later edition introduced a chemical classification that is still the standard. An initial step in identifying a mineral shemri eye shet jewellers jessops to examine its physical properties, many of which can be measured on a hand sample. These can be classified into density often given as specific gravity ; measures of mechanical cohesion hardness, tenacity, cleavage, fracture, parting ; macroscopic visual properties luster, color, streak, luminescence, diaphaneity ; magnetic and electric properties; radioactivity and solubility in hydrogen chloride HCl. An example of the mineral, which possesses strong magnetic properties is the mineral magnetite, lodestone, from Tortola, British Virgin Islands; found in igneous plutonic rocks7 formations, composed of several minerals, including quartz, plagicase, alkali feldspar, biotite and titanite. If the mineral is well crystallized, it will also have a distinctive crystal habit for example, hexagonal, columnar, botryoidal that reflects the crystal structure or internal arrangement of atoms. Many crystals are polymorphic, having more than one possible crystal structure shemri eye shet jewellers jessops on factors such as pressure and temperature. Most geology departments have X-ray powder diffraction equipment to analyze the crystal structures of shemri eye shet jewellers jessops. Diffraction, the constructive and destructive interference between waves scattered at different atoms, leads to distinctive patterns of high and low intensity that depend on the geometry of the crystal.
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